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Details on Person Toxins are the virulence factors with the strongest direct e...
| Class:Id | Summation:9760199 |
|---|---|
| _displayName | Toxins are the virulence factors with the strongest direct e... |
| _timestamp | 2024-07-01 09:22:42 |
| created | [InstanceEdit:9760185] Stephan, Ralf, 2021-12-15 |
| modified | [InstanceEdit:9914244] Stephan, Ralf, 2024-06-22 [InstanceEdit:9915003] Stephan, Ralf, 2024-07-01 |
| text | Toxins are the virulence factors with the strongest direct effect on host metabolism. Expression of a toxin, together with its secretion machinery, changes any commensal organism into a pathogen. In enterobacteria, toxin and supportive genes can be located on the chromosomal genome or on a plasmid. In both cases they can also be part of a provirus. This means for most toxins that virulence is transferable, and its taxonomic range depends on the taxonomic specificity of the respective mobile element (Sonea, 1987). Several types of toxins are found in enterobacteria. Heat-labile enterotoxins (LT) belong to the AB5 type of toxins present in many pathogens outside the enterobacteria, forming a heterohexamer protein complex. Heat-stable enterotoxins (ST) in contrast are small protein monomers. Genes of most members of both toxin types can be found on mobile elements, and are not restricted to specific strains (Turner et al, 2006; Wang et al, 2019). Export of LT through the bacterial outer membrane is facilitated by the type II secretion system (Mudrak & Kuehn, 2010). ST proteins get exported by an efflux-pump complex containing the TolC pore (Zhu et al, 2018). Mechanisms of enteropathogenic E.coli toxicity to the host cell include activation of adenylate cyclase by LT and of guanylate cyclase C by ST, causing the opening of ion channels and subsequent diarrhea (reviewed by Zhang et al., 2022). Extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli strains may also secrete proteases; their host interactions are largely unknown (reviewed in Tapader et al., 2019). |
| (summation) | [Pathway:9760173] Secretion of toxins [Homo sapiens] |
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