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| Class:Id | Summation:9645662 |
|---|---|
| _displayName | A transposon mutagenesis study of 21,000 mutants of the Gram... |
| _timestamp | 2019-05-17 01:32:22 |
| created | [InstanceEdit:9645663] Shamovsky, Veronica, 2019-05-17 |
| literatureReference | [LiteratureReference:9645451] Alpha-kinase 1 is a cytosolic innate immune receptor for bacterial ADP-heptose [LiteratureReference:9645402] d-Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate is a common precursor for the heptoses of septacidin and hygromycin B [LiteratureReference:9645491] ADP-heptose is a newly identified pathogen-associated molecular pattern of Shigella flexneri [LiteratureReference:9645486] ALPK1 controls TIFA/TRAF6-dependent innate immunity against heptose-1,7-bisphosphate of gram-negative bacteria [LiteratureReference:9645483] ALPK1- and TIFA-Dependent Innate Immune Response Triggered by the Helicobacter pylori Type IV Secretion System [LiteratureReference:9645437] INNATE IMMUNITY. Cytosolic detection of the bacterial metabolite HBP activates TIFA-dependent innate immunity [LiteratureReference:9645443] Helicobacter pylori modulates host cell responses by CagT4SS-dependent translocation of an intermediate metabolite of LPS inner core heptose biosynthesis |
| text | A transposon mutagenesis study of 21,000 mutants of the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y. pseudotuberculosis) revieled that a bacterial transposon carrying a hldE mutation had an impaired ability to induce activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line (HEK293T) (Zhou P et al. 2018). The gene hldE is essential for the biosynthesis of ADP L-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose (ADP-heptose), a bacterial metabolic intermediate in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, which is present in all Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria (Tang W et a. 2018). Moreover, deletion of related genes required for the biosynthesis of the ADP-heptose-related metabolite, d-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate (HBP), prevented activation of NF-κB by Y. pseudotuberculosis (Zhou P et al. 2018). These findings are supported by studies showing that HBP, found in the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), induced activation of ALPK1-TIFA-dependent NF-κB signaling in host cells (Zimmermann S et al. 2017; Milivojevic M et al. 2017; Gaudet RG et al. 2017). Recognition of HBP by ALPK1 appears to be more regulated. HBP requires translocation to the host cytoplasm by the type IV secretion system.4,5,7 In addition, HBP must be converted by host adenylyltransferases to ADP-heptose 7-P in order to activate ALPK1 HBP failed to directly activate ALPK1 (Garcia-Weber D et al. 2018; Zhou P et al. 2018 ); instead, HBP is converted by host-derived adenylyltransferases, such as nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNAT1 or NMNAT3 ) to ADP-heptose 7-P, a substrate which can then activate ALPK1 and the downstream NF-κB response (Zhou P et al. 2018). ALPK1 contains a kinase domain (KD) and an α-helical domain linked by an unstructured region (Zhou P et all. 2018). Co-expression of the N-terminal domain (NTD) and KD of ALPK1 (ALPK1-NTD (1–473) and ALPK1-KD (959–1244), respectively) in HEK293T cells was sufficient to allow ADP-heptose or Y. pseudotuberculosis to induce activation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of TIFA (Zhou P et all. 2018). High-performance liquid chromatogry (HPLC)- mass spectrometry (MS) fractionation of small-molecule extracts from His6–ALPK1-NTD purified from wild-type E. coli coupled with anti-pT9-TIFA immunoblotting and NF-κB luciferase reporter assays in HEK293T identified one active fraction that contained the presumed ADP-heptose ion. Direct binding of E. coli ΔhldE-derived apo-ALPK1-(NTD+KD) complex to ADP-heptose was detected by BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) assay in vitro (Zhou P et al. 2018). The structural studies revealed that a narrow pocket in ALPK1-NTD directly binds ADP-heptose (Zhou P et al. 2018). The ADP-heptose-binding residues are conserved in ALPK1 of other vertebrates. Introducing several mutations in respective residues at the NTD of ALPK1 impaired the ability of ALPK1 to activate NF-κB in response to ADP-heptose (Zhou P et al. 2018). The ADP-heptose binding to ALPK1 is thought to trigger conformational changes and stimulate kinase domain of ALPK1 to phosphorylate and further activate TIFA, which eventually trigger activation of the downstream NF-κB pathway (Zhou P et al. 2018). Many Gram-negative bacteria induce host cytokine expression in a type III secretion system (T3SS)-dependent manner. T3SS of Y. pseudotuberculosis was required for ADP-heptose induced activation of NF-κB signaling, indicating that a bacterial injection system mediated ADP-heptose translocation to induce activation of ALPK1 upon Y. pseudotuberculosis infection (Zhou P et all. 2018). However, sensing of ADP-heptose by ALPK1 is not just limited to bacteria with T3SS. Burkholderia cenocepacia, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and diffuse-adhering E. coli, also stimulated NF-κB activation through the ALPK1-TIFA axis in an hldE-dependent manner in HEK293T cells (Zhou P et all. 2018). Further, TIFAsome formation and NF-kB activation could be triggered by H. pylori’s component secreted in a type IV secretion system (T4SS)-dependent fashion (Zimmermann S et al. 2017; Stein SC et al. 2017). Animal studies showed that injection of ADP-heptose induced massive neutrophil recruitment with increased production of several NF-κB-dependent cytokines and chemokines in wild type (WT), but not in Alpk1-/- mice. On infection with B. cenocepacia, which triggers lung inflammation, WT, but not Alpk1-/- mice showed increased expression of NF-κB-dependent cytokines and chemokines in the lungs, which led to higher bacterial load in the lungs of Alpk-/-, but not WT, mice (Zhou P et all. 2018). Thus, in vitro and in vivo studies identified ADP-heptose as a bona fide bacterial immunomodulator which is sensed by cytosolic innate immune receptor ALPK1. |
| (summation) | [Reaction:9645648] HBP is converted to ADP-heptose-7P [Homo sapiens] |
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