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Details on Person Colonization of the gut with members of the Enterobacteriace...
| Class:Id | Summation:9640396 |
|---|---|
| _displayName | Colonization of the gut with members of the Enterobacteriace... |
| _timestamp | 2024-07-01 09:21:52 |
| created | [InstanceEdit:9640397] Pardo, Agustin, 2019-03-26 |
| modified | [InstanceEdit:9640442] Pardo, Agustin, 2019-03-28 [InstanceEdit:9913363] Stephan, Ralf, 2024-06-13 [InstanceEdit:9914259] Stephan, Ralf, 2024-06-23 [InstanceEdit:9915003] Stephan, Ralf, 2024-07-01 |
| text | Colonization of the gut with members of the Enterobacteriaceae family is unavoidable, as is the subsequent translocation to the urogenital tract. Infection is caused by strains with the ability to invade tissue, or when toxins are secreted. According to the WHO there are 4.5 billion cases of infection with enterobacteria every year, of which 1.9 million end in death, a number that would be much higher without antibiotics. Pneumonia and blood stream infections have the highest mortality. Gut bacteria translocate to and establish themselves in the airways by aspiration, hematogenous spread, or extension from adjacent infected structures, such as the sinuses or pleural space (W. Lee Hand & J. W. Smith, Immunology of Enterobacterial Infections; Chapter 10 in Immunology of Human Infection I, ed. A.J. Nahmias & R.J. O'Reilly, Springer Science & Business Media 2013; Hui, Leung & Padwal, Approach to Internal Medicine: A Resource Book for Clinical Practice, Edition 4, Springer 2015; Calderaro et al., 2022). As part of the environment and the gut microbiome, most members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are harmless. Pathogenic strains differ from commensals in having specific additional functions, like producing toxins and enzymes that destroy cells. They also defend themselves against the human immune system and antibiotics by the expression or overexpression of, e.g., siderophores, beta-lactamases, and fimbriae that allow them to hook onto suitable tissue and construct hard to remove biofilms. This makes enterobacteria the leading cause of diarrhea, urinary tract infection, and pneumonia, but also septicemia, peritonitis, meningitis, and device-associated infections (Ronald, 2002; O'Hara et al., 2000; Bidet et al., 2012; Pitout, 2012). Through extensive exchange of genetic information on mobile elements like plasmids and the simultaneous global use of antibiotics, strains have emerged that are difficult to treat (Su et al. 2007, Sedláková et al. 2014, Sheu et al. 2019, Sampaio & Gales 2016). |
| (summation) | [Pathway:9640148] Infection with Enterobacteria [Homo sapiens] |
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No pathways have been reviewed or authored by Colonization of the gut with members of the Enterobacteriace... (9640396)
